Consider a 4-PSK constellation with points $$\left\{\sqrt{2}, j\sqrt{2}, -\sqrt{2}, -j\sqrt{2}\right\}$$ and a 4-PAM constellation {-3, -1, 1, 3}. If all the points in the constellation occur with equal probability, the ratio of average energy of 4-PAM signal to that of 4-PSK signal is:
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